refactor: reorganize skills into sub-categories

The skills directory was getting disorganized — mlops alone had 40 skills in a flat list, and 12 categories were singletons with just one skill each. Code change: - prompt_builder.py: Support sub-categories in skill scanner. skills/mlops/training/axolotl/SKILL.md now shows as category 'mlops/training' instead of just 'mlops'. Backwards-compatible with existing flat structure. Split mlops (40 skills) into 7 sub-categories: - mlops/training (12): accelerate, axolotl, flash-attention, grpo-rl-training, peft, pytorch-fsdp, pytorch-lightning, simpo, slime, torchtitan, trl-fine-tuning, unsloth - mlops/inference (8): gguf, guidance, instructor, llama-cpp, obliteratus, outlines, tensorrt-llm, vllm - mlops/models (6): audiocraft, clip, llava, segment-anything, stable-diffusion, whisper - mlops/vector-databases (4): chroma, faiss, pinecone, qdrant - mlops/evaluation (5): huggingface-tokenizers, lm-evaluation-harness, nemo-curator, saelens, weights-and-biases - mlops/cloud (2): lambda-labs, modal - mlops/research (1): dspy Merged singleton categories: - gifs → media (gif-search joins youtube-content) - music-creation → media (heartmula, songsee) - diagramming → creative (excalidraw joins ascii-art) - ocr-and-documents → productivity - domain → research (domain-intel) - feeds → research (blogwatcher) - market-data → research (polymarket) Fixed misplaced skills: - mlops/code-review → software-development (not ML-specific) - mlops/ml-paper-writing → research (academic writing) Added DESCRIPTION.md files for all new/updated categories.
2026-03-09 03:35:53 -07:00 · 2026-03-09 03:35:53 -07:00 · 732c66b0f3
commit 732c66b0f3
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--- a/skills/mlops/models/clip/SKILL.md
+++ b/skills/mlops/models/clip/SKILL.md
@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+---
+name: clip
+description: OpenAI's model connecting vision and language. Enables zero-shot image classification, image-text matching, and cross-modal retrieval. Trained on 400M image-text pairs. Use for image search, content moderation, or vision-language tasks without fine-tuning. Best for general-purpose image understanding.
+version: 1.0.0
+author: Orchestra Research
+license: MIT
+dependencies: [transformers, torch, pillow]
+metadata:
+  hermes:
+    tags: [Multimodal, CLIP, Vision-Language, Zero-Shot, Image Classification, OpenAI, Image Search, Cross-Modal Retrieval, Content Moderation]
+
+---
+
+# CLIP - Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training
+
+OpenAI's model that understands images from natural language.
+
+## When to use CLIP
+
+**Use when:**
+- Zero-shot image classification (no training data needed)
+- Image-text similarity/matching
+- Semantic image search
+- Content moderation (detect NSFW, violence)
+- Visual question answering
+- Cross-modal retrieval (image→text, text→image)
+
+**Metrics**:
+- **25,300+ GitHub stars**
+- Trained on 400M image-text pairs
+- Matches ResNet-50 on ImageNet (zero-shot)
+- MIT License
+
+**Use alternatives instead**:
+- **BLIP-2**: Better captioning
+- **LLaVA**: Vision-language chat
+- **Segment Anything**: Image segmentation
+
+## Quick start
+
+### Installation
+
+```bash
+pip install git+https://github.com/openai/CLIP.git
+pip install torch torchvision ftfy regex tqdm
+```
+
+### Zero-shot classification
+
+```python
+import torch
+import clip
+from PIL import Image
+
+# Load model
+device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
+model, preprocess = clip.load("ViT-B/32", device=device)
+
+# Load image
+image = preprocess(Image.open("photo.jpg")).unsqueeze(0).to(device)
+
+# Define possible labels
+text = clip.tokenize(["a dog", "a cat", "a bird", "a car"]).to(device)
+
+# Compute similarity
+with torch.no_grad():
+    image_features = model.encode_image(image)
+    text_features = model.encode_text(text)
+
+    # Cosine similarity
+    logits_per_image, logits_per_text = model(image, text)
+    probs = logits_per_image.softmax(dim=-1).cpu().numpy()
+
+# Print results
+labels = ["a dog", "a cat", "a bird", "a car"]
+for label, prob in zip(labels, probs[0]):
+    print(f"{label}: {prob:.2%}")
+```
+
+## Available models
+
+```python
+# Models (sorted by size)
+models = [
+    "RN50",           # ResNet-50
+    "RN101",          # ResNet-101
+    "ViT-B/32",       # Vision Transformer (recommended)
+    "ViT-B/16",       # Better quality, slower
+    "ViT-L/14",       # Best quality, slowest
+]
+
+model, preprocess = clip.load("ViT-B/32")
+```
+
+| Model | Parameters | Speed | Quality |
+|-------|------------|-------|---------|
+| RN50 | 102M | Fast | Good |
+| ViT-B/32 | 151M | Medium | Better |
+| ViT-L/14 | 428M | Slow | Best |
+
+## Image-text similarity
+
+```python
+# Compute embeddings
+image_features = model.encode_image(image)
+text_features = model.encode_text(text)
+
+# Normalize
+image_features /= image_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+text_features /= text_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+# Cosine similarity
+similarity = (image_features @ text_features.T).item()
+print(f"Similarity: {similarity:.4f}")
+```
+
+## Semantic image search
+
+```python
+# Index images
+image_paths = ["img1.jpg", "img2.jpg", "img3.jpg"]
+image_embeddings = []
+
+for img_path in image_paths:
+    image = preprocess(Image.open(img_path)).unsqueeze(0).to(device)
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        embedding = model.encode_image(image)
+        embedding /= embedding.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+    image_embeddings.append(embedding)
+
+image_embeddings = torch.cat(image_embeddings)
+
+# Search with text query
+query = "a sunset over the ocean"
+text_input = clip.tokenize([query]).to(device)
+with torch.no_grad():
+    text_embedding = model.encode_text(text_input)
+    text_embedding /= text_embedding.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+# Find most similar images
+similarities = (text_embedding @ image_embeddings.T).squeeze(0)
+top_k = similarities.topk(3)
+
+for idx, score in zip(top_k.indices, top_k.values):
+    print(f"{image_paths[idx]}: {score:.3f}")
+```
+
+## Content moderation
+
+```python
+# Define categories
+categories = [
+    "safe for work",
+    "not safe for work",
+    "violent content",
+    "graphic content"
+]
+
+text = clip.tokenize(categories).to(device)
+
+# Check image
+with torch.no_grad():
+    logits_per_image, _ = model(image, text)
+    probs = logits_per_image.softmax(dim=-1)
+
+# Get classification
+max_idx = probs.argmax().item()
+max_prob = probs[0, max_idx].item()
+
+print(f"Category: {categories[max_idx]} ({max_prob:.2%})")
+```
+
+## Batch processing
+
+```python
+# Process multiple images
+images = [preprocess(Image.open(f"img{i}.jpg")) for i in range(10)]
+images = torch.stack(images).to(device)
+
+with torch.no_grad():
+    image_features = model.encode_image(images)
+    image_features /= image_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+# Batch text
+texts = ["a dog", "a cat", "a bird"]
+text_tokens = clip.tokenize(texts).to(device)
+
+with torch.no_grad():
+    text_features = model.encode_text(text_tokens)
+    text_features /= text_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+# Similarity matrix (10 images × 3 texts)
+similarities = image_features @ text_features.T
+print(similarities.shape)  # (10, 3)
+```
+
+## Integration with vector databases
+
+```python
+# Store CLIP embeddings in Chroma/FAISS
+import chromadb
+
+client = chromadb.Client()
+collection = client.create_collection("image_embeddings")
+
+# Add image embeddings
+for img_path, embedding in zip(image_paths, image_embeddings):
+    collection.add(
+        embeddings=[embedding.cpu().numpy().tolist()],
+        metadatas=[{"path": img_path}],
+        ids=[img_path]
+    )
+
+# Query with text
+query = "a sunset"
+text_embedding = model.encode_text(clip.tokenize([query]))
+results = collection.query(
+    query_embeddings=[text_embedding.cpu().numpy().tolist()],
+    n_results=5
+)
+```
+
+## Best practices
+
+1. **Use ViT-B/32 for most cases** - Good balance
+2. **Normalize embeddings** - Required for cosine similarity
+3. **Batch processing** - More efficient
+4. **Cache embeddings** - Expensive to recompute
+5. **Use descriptive labels** - Better zero-shot performance
+6. **GPU recommended** - 10-50× faster
+7. **Preprocess images** - Use provided preprocess function
+
+## Performance
+
+| Operation | CPU | GPU (V100) |
+|-----------|-----|------------|
+| Image encoding | ~200ms | ~20ms |
+| Text encoding | ~50ms | ~5ms |
+| Similarity compute | <1ms | <1ms |
+
+## Limitations
+
+1. **Not for fine-grained tasks** - Best for broad categories
+2. **Requires descriptive text** - Vague labels perform poorly
+3. **Biased on web data** - May have dataset biases
+4. **No bounding boxes** - Whole image only
+5. **Limited spatial understanding** - Position/counting weak
+
+## Resources
+
+- **GitHub**: https://github.com/openai/CLIP ⭐ 25,300+
+- **Paper**: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.00020
+- **Colab**: https://colab.research.google.com/github/openai/clip/
+- **License**: MIT
+
+
--- a/skills/mlops/models/clip/references/applications.md
+++ b/skills/mlops/models/clip/references/applications.md
@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# CLIP Applications Guide
+
+Practical applications and use cases for CLIP.
+
+## Zero-shot image classification
+
+```python
+import torch
+import clip
+from PIL import Image
+
+model, preprocess = clip.load("ViT-B/32")
+
+# Define categories
+categories = [
+    "a photo of a dog",
+    "a photo of a cat",
+    "a photo of a bird",
+    "a photo of a car",
+    "a photo of a person"
+]
+
+# Prepare image
+image = preprocess(Image.open("photo.jpg")).unsqueeze(0)
+text = clip.tokenize(categories)
+
+# Classify
+with torch.no_grad():
+    image_features = model.encode_image(image)
+    text_features = model.encode_text(text)
+
+    logits_per_image, _ = model(image, text)
+    probs = logits_per_image.softmax(dim=-1).cpu().numpy()
+
+# Print results
+for category, prob in zip(categories, probs[0]):
+    print(f"{category}: {prob:.2%}")
+```
+
+## Semantic image search
+
+```python
+# Index images
+image_database = []
+image_paths = ["img1.jpg", "img2.jpg", "img3.jpg"]
+
+for img_path in image_paths:
+    image = preprocess(Image.open(img_path)).unsqueeze(0)
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        features = model.encode_image(image)
+        features /= features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+    image_database.append((img_path, features))
+
+# Search with text
+query = "a sunset over mountains"
+text_input = clip.tokenize([query])
+
+with torch.no_grad():
+    text_features = model.encode_text(text_input)
+    text_features /= text_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+# Find matches
+similarities = []
+for img_path, img_features in image_database:
+    similarity = (text_features @ img_features.T).item()
+    similarities.append((img_path, similarity))
+
+# Sort by similarity
+similarities.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+for img_path, score in similarities[:3]:
+    print(f"{img_path}: {score:.3f}")
+```
+
+## Content moderation
+
+```python
+# Define safety categories
+categories = [
+    "safe for work content",
+    "not safe for work content",
+    "violent or graphic content",
+    "hate speech or offensive content",
+    "spam or misleading content"
+]
+
+text = clip.tokenize(categories)
+
+# Check image
+with torch.no_grad():
+    logits, _ = model(image, text)
+    probs = logits.softmax(dim=-1)
+
+# Get classification
+max_idx = probs.argmax().item()
+confidence = probs[0, max_idx].item()
+
+if confidence > 0.7:
+    print(f"Classified as: {categories[max_idx]} ({confidence:.2%})")
+else:
+    print(f"Uncertain classification (confidence: {confidence:.2%})")
+```
+
+## Image-to-text retrieval
+
+```python
+# Text database
+captions = [
+    "A beautiful sunset over the ocean",
+    "A cute dog playing in the park",
+    "A modern city skyline at night",
+    "A delicious pizza with toppings"
+]
+
+# Encode captions
+caption_features = []
+for caption in captions:
+    text = clip.tokenize([caption])
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        features = model.encode_text(text)
+        features /= features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+    caption_features.append(features)
+
+caption_features = torch.cat(caption_features)
+
+# Find matching captions for image
+with torch.no_grad():
+    image_features = model.encode_image(image)
+    image_features /= image_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+similarities = (image_features @ caption_features.T).squeeze(0)
+top_k = similarities.topk(3)
+
+for idx, score in zip(top_k.indices, top_k.values):
+    print(f"{captions[idx]}: {score:.3f}")
+```
+
+## Visual question answering
+
+```python
+# Create yes/no questions
+image = preprocess(Image.open("photo.jpg")).unsqueeze(0)
+
+questions = [
+    "a photo showing people",
+    "a photo showing animals",
+    "a photo taken indoors",
+    "a photo taken outdoors",
+    "a photo taken during daytime",
+    "a photo taken at night"
+]
+
+text = clip.tokenize(questions)
+
+with torch.no_grad():
+    logits, _ = model(image, text)
+    probs = logits.softmax(dim=-1)
+
+# Answer questions
+for question, prob in zip(questions, probs[0]):
+    answer = "Yes" if prob > 0.5 else "No"
+    print(f"{question}: {answer} ({prob:.2%})")
+```
+
+## Image deduplication
+
+```python
+# Detect duplicate/similar images
+def compute_similarity(img1_path, img2_path):
+    img1 = preprocess(Image.open(img1_path)).unsqueeze(0)
+    img2 = preprocess(Image.open(img2_path)).unsqueeze(0)
+
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        feat1 = model.encode_image(img1)
+        feat2 = model.encode_image(img2)
+
+        feat1 /= feat1.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+        feat2 /= feat2.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+
+        similarity = (feat1 @ feat2.T).item()
+
+    return similarity
+
+# Check for duplicates
+threshold = 0.95
+image_pairs = [("img1.jpg", "img2.jpg"), ("img1.jpg", "img3.jpg")]
+
+for img1, img2 in image_pairs:
+    sim = compute_similarity(img1, img2)
+    if sim > threshold:
+        print(f"{img1} and {img2} are duplicates (similarity: {sim:.3f})")
+```
+
+## Best practices
+
+1. **Use descriptive labels** - "a photo of X" works better than just "X"
+2. **Normalize embeddings** - Always normalize for cosine similarity
+3. **Batch processing** - Process multiple images/texts together
+4. **Cache embeddings** - Expensive to recompute
+5. **Set appropriate thresholds** - Test on validation data
+6. **Use GPU** - 10-50× faster than CPU
+7. **Consider model size** - ViT-B/32 good default, ViT-L/14 for best quality
+
+## Resources
+
+- **Paper**: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.00020
+- **GitHub**: https://github.com/openai/CLIP
+- **Colab**: https://colab.research.google.com/github/openai/clip/